Mouse Models of Retinopathy of Prematurity in the MICRON Literature

About the MICRON Research Literature

These research pages organize published studies using MICRON imaging systems by animal species and the disease or condition investigated.

All publication counts and figures reflect the complete indexed research collection.

Explore related studies through the MICRON Research Hubs or search the complete publication collection in the reSEARCH portal.

Understanding Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity is a disorder of retinal vascular development in an infant born preterm: the retinal vessels grow outward from the optic disc through the last weeks of gestation. Preterm birth leaves peripheral retina incompletely vascularized.

Relative hyperoxia, oxygen fluctuation and loss of intrauterine growth support can suppress further physiologic vascular growth. Later, as metabolic demand exceeds the supply of the incompletely vascularized retina, relative hypoxia drives pathologic neovascularization at the junction between vascularized and avascular retina, which is what clinical grading by zone and stage records.

Retinopathy of Prematurity in Experimental Research

Oxygen-induced retinopathy, one of the most widely used preparations in this field, reproduces that vascular sequence in a term-born rodent pup by raising the oxygen it breathes and then returning it to room air, which obliterates part of the vasculature already formed and provokes a neovascular response as the remaining retina is left hypoxic relative to its demand. Because the insult is timed rather than awaited, the response follows it on a fixed schedule, and the extent of vessel loss and of new vessel growth can be read at a defined age and compared between animals, which is what makes the preparation quantitative.

What it reproduces is the vascular response to an oxygen insult, and not prematurity: a newborn mouse or rat has an incompletely vascularized retina because rodents are born at an earlier developmental stage as a matter of normal biology, while a preterm infant has one because gestation was cut short, and no manipulation makes a term-born pup premature.

It also stops short of the human disease's later course:

• The neovascular response in this preparation regresses rather than progressing to the fibrovascular traction and retinal detachment that threaten sight in people
• The mouse and rat retina has no macula in which the macular distortion that follows severe human disease could arise

Mouse Models of Retinopathy of Prematurity

The mouse carries most of this work.

Transgenic and knockout lines allow a pathway to be removed or overexpressed, and cost, availability, short generation time and a large body of background data reinforce the choice.

A genetic manipulation constrains rather than isolates a mechanism: developmental compensation and pleiotropy remain possible.

Published MICRON Research: Retinopathy of Prematurity in Mice

This page lists 30 papers from the MICRON literature, published 2013 to 2026, that study retinopathy of prematurity in mice.

Of these publications:

• 30 studies used mice as the primary retinopathy of prematurity disease model.

Scope of the literature collection: Publication counts reflect studies identified and indexed in the MICRON research corpus. This collection is not intended to represent an exhaustive review of all published retinopathy of prematurity research.

Which imaging and experimental techniques are used in these studies?

Technique counts are paper-level co-occurrences and do not necessarily indicate that a technique was applied to the focal species or focal disease model.

Capabilities and Limitations of Imaging Techniques

A summary of what each imaging technique listed above can measure, the information it provides, and its limitations in research applications.

Fundus Fluorescein Angiography

Fundus fluorescein angiography uses an injected fluorescent dye to visualize blood flow through the retinal and choroidal circulation. Sequential images show how vessels fill, identify areas of reduced or absent perfusion, and reveal dye leakage associated with vascular abnormalities.

This technique is particularly useful for evaluating vascular perfusion, blood-retinal barrier integrity, and abnormal vessel growth. Fluorescein angiography primarily shows dye distribution rather than the surrounding retinal tissue. It provides a two-dimensional (en face) view in which vessels at different depths may overlap. Cross-sectional and cellular structural details require other imaging methods, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) or optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Vascular abnormalities that do not affect dye filling or produce leakage may also remain undetected.

Intravitreal Injection / Delivery

Injection into the vitreous places a substance directly into the vitreous at a known administered dose and chosen time, reducing but not eliminating systemic exposure. The injectate may be a therapeutic compound, cell preparation or viral vector, or an agent used to create the model, such as a toxin, vasoactive or excitotoxic compound, or infectious inoculum. The route bypasses surface-delivery barriers and provides direct access to the vitreous and posterior segment, but the concentration reached in a particular ocular tissue depends on distribution and clearance and is not fixed by the injected dose alone. It is invasive and discrete: each repeat dose or challenge requires another injection, and vehicle- or sham-injected controls can help separate effects of the injectate from effects of the procedure.

Electroretinography

Records the retina's electrical response to light, giving component-sensitive information about outer- and inner-retinal function. It measures function directly, which no structural method does. Full-field ERG sums across the whole retina, so a small lesion can leave the trace unchanged; focal and multifocal variants trade signal amplitude for spatial resolution.

Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical coherence tomography provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of ocular tissues in the living eye, allowing researchers to visualize structures at different depths. OCT is particularly useful for measuring tissue thickness, identifying structural abnormalities, and assessing the location and extent of tissue changes.

As a non-invasive imaging technique, OCT enables repeated measurements in the same eye over time, supporting longitudinal studies of disease progression and treatment response. Although OCT provides detailed structural information, it does not directly measure cellular activity or visual function. Tissue that appears structurally normal may still have functional abnormalities, making OCT a valuable companion to functional assessments such as electroretinography (ERG).

Laser Photocoagulation Models

A laser lesion provokes a reproducible, quantifiable injury at a known time and place. Wavelength, power, duration, spot size, pulse mode, focus and lesion location together determine the injury produced, allowing laser exposure to be configured for different experimental endpoints. It is an induced injury, not the disease: it produces a lesion directly, bypassing the process that gives rise to comparable damage in patients.

Topical Ophthalmic Drug Delivery

A compound applied as drops to the ocular surface. It is non-invasive and repeatable, so it supports frequent dosing without a procedure for each dose. What the route has to establish depends on the target: for an ocular-surface target, residence time and penetration into the surface tissue are the main barriers; for an intraocular anterior-segment target, the compound must cross ocular-surface and corneal or conjunctival barriers and reach an intraocular concentration sufficient for the experiment; for a posterior-segment target, additional ocular barriers separate the surface from the target and posterior-segment exposure is harder to establish.

AAV-Mediated Ocular Gene Delivery

An adeno-associated viral vector delivers genetic material to ocular cells, and a single administration can support long-lived transgene expression. That persistence is useful for gene augmentation and sustained therapeutic-protein expression; AAV can also deliver gene-silencing or genome-editing cargo, where long-lived expression of the editing machinery may be unnecessary or undesirable. Capsid and route of delivery jointly determine which cells are reached, so different delivery routes and vector designs give different distributions.

CRISPR-Based Ocular Gene Editing

Uses a programmable genome-editing system to alter DNA at an endogenous locus rather than adding a separate replacement copy. Depending on the editor and design, it can disrupt, correct or install a sequence, either therapeutically or to create an experimental model. Once a genomic sequence change is established, the edit itself cannot be withdrawn like a dose; where the edit is present from conception, the resulting phenotype also reflects its effects throughout development. Off-target sequence changes are a separate question that structural imaging does not establish.

Ocular Implants / Sustained Release

A sustained-release system holds a compound in or on the eye and lets it out gradually, so exposure is maintained from one placement rather than from a series of doses. The class spans polymer and non-polymer solid depots, injectable and particulate carriers, and reservoir devices; the release period belongs to the platform and not to the route, and runs from days to years. What the approach is for is to separate the dosing interval from the procedure interval, holding exposure at the target for as long as the question runs, whether that is the few weeks of a short-lived model or the span of a lifelong disease, without an intervention for each dose. What it gives up is control after placement. The release profile has to be measured rather than assumed, altering or ending delivery may require a further procedure, biodegradable systems behave differently from removable ones, and the carrier sits in contact with ocular tissue, so how the eye tolerates it is part of the result and not a precondition of it.

Which MICRON systems and add-ons appear?

Which strains and genetic lines are used?

Which other species appear alongside?

What other conditions are recorded on the same papers?

Which MICRON configurations appear in this work?

Configurations recorded in these papers, and the techniques recorded alongside them.

The papers

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